The History of Computers

INTRODUCTION
Computer is an electronic machine that is useful in ancient times and now. Computers can alleviate human labor day, helping humans finishing tasks quickly and exactly. The computer is a machine which may be programmed for diversity order. Computers can get the raw knowledge, the tattoo and will process it and then manipulating the edict to be useful. He also programmed to get input and output processing to remove as you see fit, and he also tried to save the announcement for usability in the future. Computers have become friends human life than his deep he's a pace (speed), kebolehpercayaan (reliability), keupayaan Storan (storage capability), produktiviti (productivity), make decisions and can reduce boarding. As kesimpulanya, a computer is an electronic machine that can complete tasks more worthy of a human being with human labor and the right decision.
HISTORY OF CREATION COMPUTER
History of creation begins with the creation of computer tools commerce, as Abakus is now completed by computer. In ancient times the counting is completed by using fingers, beads, wood and shells. With the creation of Abacus 5000 years ago has facilitated trade specialists in the process of counting interference principle, refuse and darab.Ia has been used extensively by the Chinese trade specialist, Turkey and Greece.

Blaise Pascal was a Italian mathematician and specialist scientist who was born in 1623. By 1642, he had merekacipta the first mechanical counting machines follow the principle of tithing.

George Boole was a British mathematician in the year 1815-1864. He's developed the idea of logical algebra True / False. He also has introduced mathematical symbols and principles for the use of logic in computer merekabentuk litar.

Charles Babbage was born in 1792, was a mathematician and perekacipta. He had been builder of "The Difference Engine" which ought to resolve sifir mathematical assumption. Then he's to think about the creation of another machine namely "Analytical Engine" which is expected to carryover out the various counting. Regrettably such machines could not be fostered in the coursework of his lifetime. "Analytical Engine" has the characteristics in the present namely computers have input devices, secondary storage, processor, Guard units and output devices.

Augusta Ada Byron helped Charles Babbage in developing directives for machinery assumption "Analytical Engine". He was the first computer pengaturcaraan using the "Analytical Engine". Language pengaturcaraan 'NO' taken blessing his name. He also has published a memorandum that promoting science specialists in order to enhance what Charles Babbage did not have time.

Herman Hollerith had awakened the automat tool may process the assumption that sissy. The machine can prepare a sissy assumption historically years. In 1880, the American population Syarikat pansy known his decision. Distinction between Babbage and Hollerith machine Hollerith machine is using electric power when the Babbage machine using mechanical power.

Howard Aiken has introduced electromechanical machine that held MARK I. With terhasilnya MARK I then bermulalah computer moden period. This machine is to solve issues counting principle & trigonometric functions. The characteristics MARK I, has a height of 8 feet & 55 feet in length. They fostered than iron & glass, emits strong dilalakukan in the work of processing, contains over 750000 Courant tied together using the wiring along the 500 stone. Sebahagiannya than at the level of the process are differing. With it the user needs to rise to the top of the machine using a ladder to pair suis. Meanwhile, Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert asked his students by employees Tentera American engine builder who may think bullets quickly. They have referred to the work of Dr. John Atanasoff & his assistant Clifford Berry. Atanasoff & Berry debuted the first digital computer build using electronics in the title of the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). When Mauchly & Eckert had used ABC as the basis for another wake namely computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator). ENIAC was the first computer that is created for a common purpose then appear first UNIVAC I computer namely traded commercially.

BEGINNING COMPUTER ERA.
ÂFrom ancient times until now has been a kind of four generations. They is kind of true historically 40 years.
FIRST GENERATION (1951 - 1958)
In 1937-1938 Dr.. John & his assistant Clifford Berry V.Atanasoff have merekacipta & build the first digital electronic computer. The computer held the ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). When John W.Mauchly & J.Presper Eckert has created the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator) in 1945. ENIAC may perform mixing 5000 & 300 pendaraban sertiap moment. two years later they have been setting up a reputable called Spery Rand UNIVAC issued onwards I (Universal Automatic Computer) in 1951. UNIVAC I was the first computer used for commercial information processing. It is widely used by the U.S. Bureau of Population Syarikat sissy. UNIVAC I tiub function using vacuum / hampagas as kompenan depths computer to process & store the edict. It makes use of the electrical power, bersaiz huge & heavy. This computer is also impossible to hold on & always rosak sake only. Pengaturcaraan done in machine language namely 0 & one (low rank language). Keupayaan Storan computers in the first generation are between 8000 to 20000 characters. When, pengiraannya also implemented in "microseconds"

SECOND GENERATION (1959 - 1961)
 This generation computer using transistor and diod namely tiny tool that transfers electrical signals through a resistor to replace tiub-tiub vacuum / hampagas. Transistor is an acronym for transfer resistor. An example is the computer that created the DEC PDP-8, IBM 7090, IBM 7094 and others again. Excess transistor he dapatr function better than computers using tiub hampagas pertama.yang generation. Bersaiz generation computer is smaller, lighter, faster and cheaper and does not need warm-up time. The use of electrical power is less when compared to the first generation of computers. Pengaturcaraan conducted in high rating namely FORTRAN (1954) and COBOL (1959). When keupayaan storannya increasing namely 16000 to 64000 characters and he makes use of the former disc may be moved (removable disk cartridge). Pengiraannya implemented in "microseconds".

THIRD GENERATION (1965 - 1970)
 Computers in this generation also has used litar bersepadu namely electrical litar contains a tiny silicon chip to replace the transistor. Prices are cheap chips led to the development of electronic tools and the quick fall of prices of these tools. These computers are characterized by electrical litar litar bersepadu namely silicon chip containing a tiny yanf composed than thousands of transistors. These chips are cheaper, more solid and reliable. An example is the computer that created the IBM 360 and microcomputers such as the APPLE II, IBM PC, Sinclair and others again. Saiz computer in to a third smaller than the first generation. He may also practice the idea of multiprogramming and multiprocessing namely some aturcara be taken simultaneously and teamed with the same source and the increase keberkesanan computer. Pengiraannya technique carried out in "nanoseconds". Interactive processing is introduced in which the user keeps in connection with computers. Kaedah This achievement led to growing customer perkhidmatan industry. Minicomputers were introduced in which the function is the same as "full-size system" but it is smaller, and cheaper slowly.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 - Present)
Since the 1970s computer increased the pace and be believed. This is an advanced fourth generation than the third generation in which the third-generation chip-chip memory and used to build computer ligik. All these chips are stored for onward wake technologies namely general-purpose-on-a-chip that held mikropemproses (microprocessor). Mikropemproses replace litar bersepadu. Mikropemproses even be found on the digital clock, calculator, and various machines at officers and at home. Mikropemproses first sold in 1971. Examples computer contained in this generation is from IBM that makes use of the Intel 80286 chip, the Intel 80386 chip, the Intel 80486 chip (contains one.2 million transistors measuring 0.4 "x 0.5" and try to execute 15 million per current directives ). Intel Pentium chip (contains 3.1 million transistors which seeks to implement the directives per 112 million at the time). Intel Pentium Pro chips (contains 5.5 million transistors which seeks to implement the directives per 250 million at the time). Cip Intel Pentium Pro MMX, Cyrix, AMD, Pentium II and other anymore. Among the traits contained on this generation of computers is saiznya smaller, minimum use of electric power. He may be used in conjunction with multiple languages ​​pengaturcaraan. Keupayaan storannya continue to rise to 1 million up to 50 million characters and counting implemented in "picoseconds" Saiz computer now is 100 times smaller than the first-generation computer saiz and one chip is more powerful than ENIAC.

GENERASI KELIMA
 Komputer generasi kelima iaitu komputer bagi generasi akan datang ini masih belum diperkenalkan secara meluas. Namun usaha kearah tersebut telah dimulakan oleh beberapa negara maju. Ianya juga masih didalam peringkat penyelidikan, dimana negara Jepun merupakan negara yang paling banyak membuat penyelidikan. Matlamat mereka adalah untuk membina komputer yang lebih berkuasa dan kepintaran buatan (artificial intelligence), sistem pakar (specialist sistem), robotik dan sebagainya. Saiz perkakasan akan terus menjadi lebih kecil sementara daya ingatan dalamannya terus meningkat dengan pesat.

PENGELASAN KOMPUTER
 Pengelesan komputer adalah mengikut kepada ukuran fizikal dan keupayaannya iaitu, seperti superkomputer, komputer kerangka utama, Mini komputer dan mikrokomputer.

SUPERKOMPUTER
 Superkomputer atau nama lainnya kerangka utama yang besar. Perkembangannya terhad kepada beberapa ratus unit sahaja di seluruh dunia. Ini kerana harganya yang amat mahal. Superkomputer mempunyai unit pemprosesan pusat yang kompleks dengan keupayaan yang sangat pantas. Ia juga boleh memproses berbillion arahan per saat (BIPS). Ia digunakan khas bagi menyelesailkan masalah saintifik yang rumit dan canggih, contohnya CRAY I, CRAY II, CRAY III, dan CDC CYBER205.

KOMPUTER KERANGKA UTAMA
Komputer Kerangka Utama yang pertama diperkenalkan sejak tahun 40-an adalah seperti UNIVAC, IBM 360, dan lain-lain lagi. Komputer jenis ini kebanyakannya dimiliki oleh organisasi yang besar dan pusat pengajian tinggi. Ia juga bersaiz besar dan berkeupayaan memproses sejumlah information yang banyak dengan pantas dan tepat, berupaya memproses information pada kelajuan yang tinggi dan berjuta-juta arahan per saat (MIPS). Ia juga membenarkan komputer dikongsi oleh beratus-ratus pengguna pada satu masa.

MINI KOMPUTER
Mini Komputer pula adalah lebih perlahan, berkeupayaan storan yang kurang dan lebih murah daripada komputer kerangka utama. Kebanyakannya dimiliki oleh gedung perniagaan, jabatan awam/swasta dan institut pengajian tinggi. Mini Komputer juga menggunakan konsep multiprogramming dan multiprocessing. Contohnya adalah seperti HP 3000, SEQUENT dan lain-lain lagi.

MIKROKOMPUTER
Mikrokomputer atau Komputer peribadi pula mempunyai saiz yang kecil seperti desktop atau laptop computer. Ia diperkenalkan buat kali pertama pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an. Mikropemproses adalah menjadi asas bagi mikrokomputer. Penggunaan mikrokomputer semakin meluas. Supermikro atau stesen kerja (workstation) telah diperkenalkan. Ia merupakan sambungan di antara mikrokomputer dan mini komputer yang berkeupayaan menggunakan konsep multiprogramming dan multiprocessing.